nmap

Nmap (Network Mapper) is an open-source tool specialized in network exploration and security auditing, originally published by Gordon "Fyodor" Lyon. The official website ( http://nmap.org ) describes it as follows:

Nmap (Network Mapper) is a free and open source (license) utility for network discovery and security auditing. Many systems and network administrators also find it useful for tasks such as network inventory, managing service upgrade schedules, and monitoring host or service uptime. Nmap uses raw IP packets in novel ways to determine what hosts are available on the network, what services (application name and version) those hosts are offering, what operating systems (and OS versions) they are running, what type of packet filters/firewalls are in use, and dozens of other characteristics. It was designed to rapidly scan large networks, but works fine against single hosts. Nmap runs on all major computer operating systems, and official binary packages are available for Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X.

There are many other port scanners out there, but none of them even comes close to offering the flexibility and advanced options of Nmap. The Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE) has revolutionized the possibilities of a port scanner
by allowing users to write scripts that perform custom tasks using the host information collected by Nmap.
Additionally, the Nmap Project includes other great tools:


Additionally, the Nmap Project includes other great tools:

1- Zenmap: A graphical interface for Nmap
2- Ndiff: A tool for scan result comparison
3- Nping: An excellent tool for packet generation and traffic analysis
4- Ncrack: An Nmap-compatible tool for brute forcing network logins
5- Ncat: A debugging utility to read and write data across network

What is Penetration Testing

What is Penetration Testing?

A penetration test is a proactive and authorized attempt to evaluate the security of an IT infrastructure by safely attempting to exploit system vulnerabilities, including OS, service and application flaws, improper configurations, and even risky end-user behavior. Such assessments are also useful in validating the efficacy of defensive mechanisms, as well as end-users’ adherence to security policies.
Penetration tests are typically performed using manual or automated technologies to systematically compromise servers, endpoints, web applications, wireless networks, network devices, mobile devices and other potential points of exposure. Once vulnerabilities have been successfully exploited on a particular system, testers may attempt to use the compromised system to launch subsequent exploits at other internal resources, specifically by trying to incrementally achieve higher levels of security clearance and deeper access to electronic assets and information via privilege escalation.
Information about any security vulnerabilities successfully exploited through penetration testing is typically aggregated and presented to IT and network systems managers to help those professionals make strategic conclusions and prioritize related remediation efforts. The fundamental purpose of penetration testing is to measure the feasibility of systems or end-user compromise and evaluate any related consequences such incidents may have on the involved resources or operations.

Why Perform Penetration Testing?

Security breaches and service interruptions are costly

Security breaches and any related interruptions in the performance of services or applications, can result in direct financial losses, threaten organizations’ reputations,  erode customer loyalties, attract negative press, and trigger significant fines and penalties. A recent study conducted by the Ponemon Institute (2014 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis) reported the average cost of a data breach for the affected company is now $3.5 million. Costs associated with the Target data breach that occurred in 2013 reached $148 million by the second quarter of 2014

It is impossible to safeguard all information, all the time

Organizations have traditionally sought to prevent breaches by installing and maintaining  layers of defensive security mechanisms, including user access controls, cryptography, IPS, IDS and firewalls. However, the continued adoption of new technologies, including some of these security systems, and the resulting complexity introduced, has made it even harder to find and eliminate all of an organizations’ vulnerabilities and protect against many types of potential security incidents. New vulnerabilities are discovered each day, and attacks constantly evolve in terms of their technical and social sophistication, as well as in their overall automation

Penetration testing identifies and prioritizes security risks

Penetration testing evaluates an organization’s ability to protect its networks, applications, endpoints and users from external or internal attempts to circumvent its security controls to gain unauthorized or privileged access to protected assets. Test results validate the risk posed by specific security vulnerabilities or flawed processes, enabling  IT management and security professionals to prioritize remediation efforts. By embracing more frequent and comprehensive penetration testing, organizations can more effectively  anticipate emerging security risks and prevent unauthorized access to critical systems and valuable information.

How Often Should You Perform Penetration Testing?

Penetration testing should be performed on a regular basis to ensure more consistent IT and network security management by revealing how newly discovered threats or emerging vulnerabilities may potentially be assailed by attackers. In addition to regularly scheduled analysis and assessments required by regulatory mandates, tests should also be run whenever:

• New network infrastructure or applications are added
• Significant upgrades or modifications are applied to infrastructure or applications
• New office locations are established
• Security patches are applied
• End user policies are modified

How Can You Benefit from Penetration Testing?

Penetration testing offers many benefits, allowing you to:

Intelligently manage vulnerabilities

Penetration testing provides detailed information on actual, exploitable security threats. By performing a penetration test, you can proactively identify which vulnerabilities are most critical, which are less significant, and which are false positives. This allows your organization to more intelligently prioritize remediation, apply needed security patches and allocate security resources more efficiently to ensure that they are available when and where they are needed most.

Avoid the cost of network downtime

Recovering from a security breach can cost an organization millions of dollars  related to IT remediation efforts, customer protection and retention programs, legal activities, discouraged business partners, lowered employee productivity and  reduced revenue. Penetration testing  helps you to  avoid these financial pitfalls  by proactively identifying and addressing risks before attacks or security breaches occur.

Meet regulatory requirements and avoid fines

Penetration testing helps organizations address  the general auditing/compliance aspects of regulations such as GLBA,  HIPAA and Sarbanes-Oxley, and specifically addresses testing requirements documented in the PCI-DSS and federal FISMA/NIST mandates. The detailed reports  that penetration tests generate  can help organizations avoid significant fines for non-compliance and allow them to illustrate ongoing due diligence in to assessors by maintaining required security controls to auditors.

Preserve corporate image and customer loyalty  

Even a single incident of compromised customer data can be costly in terms of both negatively affecting sales and tarnishing an organization’s public image. With customer retention costs higher than ever, no one wants to lose the loyal users that they’ve worked hard to earn, and data breaches are likely to turn off new clients. Penetration testing helps you avoid data incidents that put your organization’s reputation and trustworthiness at stake.